Kiev is the center of the Ancient Russian state.. Part Ten
Wer sind wir?A new escalation of internecine feudal struggle occurred in the second half of the XII - the first half of the XIII century. Appanage principalities are strengthening, and Kiev is actually losing the meaning of an all-Russian political center, although it remains nominally the capital of Russia, and therefore the struggle for the grand ducal table is becoming particularly acute. At this time, the struggle for the princely table was mainly between the Monomakhovich and Olgovich dynasties - between the descendants of Vsevolod Yaroslavich and his son Vladimir Monomakh, who owned the principality of Pereyaslav, and Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and his son Oleg, who reigned in Chernigov, and who believed that they had an advantage over the Monomakhovichi in Kiev, because Svyatoslav was the middle son and Vsevolod is the youngest.
The struggle between the princes led to a popular uprising in 1139, which was used by the Monomakhovites to seize the Kievan table.
One of the contenders for the Kievan table in the summer of 1149 was the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, who captured Kiev twice (1149 and 1150), but unsuccessfully, and only in 1154 finally gained a foothold here and reigned until his death in 1157. He was buried in Kiev in the princely tomb of the Church of the Savior on Berestovo. His son Andrey Bogolyubsky left Kiev and chose the new Bogolyubovo Castle near Vladimir on Klyazma as his residence. After that, the struggle for Kiev escalated again. In 1169, he sent an army to Kiev, which captured the city. During the battle, a large number of residential areas, most of the churches and monasteries were burned and completely destroyed. But Andrei Bogolyubsky did not stay in Kiev, but, having appointed the non-authoritative Prince Gleb Yurievich as governor here, returned to Bogolyubovo.
The fight for the Kiev table continued. Despite the fragmentation and strengthening of the appanage principalities, the Kiev prince was still nominally the supreme ruler of Russia. In 1174, Andrei Bogolyubsky, who was recognized as the great Prince of Kiev, organized a new campaign against Kiev. But it ended in defeat. With the remnants of his army, Andrei fled to the land of Suzdal, where he was killed by the boyars.
The struggle for the Kievan table during this period was mainly fought between the Galician-Volyn, Smolensk and Chernigov princes, from which, first of all, the broad masses of the people suffered.
But a new calamity was coming to Russia. In 1223, the advanced detachments of the Tatar-Mongol invaders, led by Genghis Khan, invaded the borders of the Russian state. A battle took place on the Kalka River, as a result of which the Russian troops were defeated. However, this defeat did not teach the Russian princes anything. They continued their internecine struggle.
In 1237, Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, or as he was called in Russia, Batu went on a campaign to the North Russian lands: Ryazan, Rostov, Vladimir and others. Taking advantage of the lack of unity among the Russian princes, Batu alternately crushed them. The Tatar-Mongol horde moved to Novgorod, but before reaching it, turned south and destroyed the southern lands of Russia - Chernigov and Pereyaslav region.
In the summer of 1239, advanced detachments of the Tatar-Mongols, led by Mengu Khan, appeared on the left bank of the Dnieper River, against Kiev. And in the autumn of 1240, they, led by Batu, crossed to the right bank of the Dnieper and besieged Kiev.
The Tatar-Mongol horde that besieged Kiev was huge at that time. The chronicler tells about this as follows: "Will Batu Kyev come to power? heavy? Surround the city with a multitude of your strength, and strengthen the Tatar power, and the hail will be won! Why?. " .
The defense of the city was led by Voivode Dmitry, governor of Daniil Galitsky. The Tatars paid heavy losses for the storming of Kiev. But they managed to break through the walls of the second fortification of the "City of Vladimir", which were much weaker than the fortifications built under Yaroslav. After the assault, the Tatar-Mongols broke through the fortifications in the area of the Sofiyevskaya gate, which since then became known as the Batu Gates.
The last stronghold of the heroic defense of Kiev was the Tithe Church. The people of Kiev created around it, as the chronicler testifies, "paky the second city", that is, new temporary defensive structures, and it turned into a powerful fortress. Civilians - women, children, and the elderly - were trapped inside. The church was crowded. Even the choirs were filled. And suddenly a catastrophe occurred, which was the finale of the heroic defense of Kiev. According to the chronicler, the choirs of the Tithe Church could not withstand the weight of the people and collapsed.
Having captured and destroyed Kiev, the Tatar-Mongol horde went further west. She defeated and destroyed almost all the major ancient Russian cities and appeared in Central Europe. However, the heroic resistance of the Russian people significantly weakened the forces of the Tatar-Mongols, who could no longer withstand serious resistance and suffered a severe defeat from the Czech troops.
The heroic struggle of the Russian people against the Tatar-Mongol invasion saved Western Europe from enslavement and the bloody Mongol yoke. K. Marx called the power of the Golden Horde over the countries it captured "the dirt of the Mongol yoke" and emphasized that it not only "oppressed, but insulted and exhausted the very soul of the people who became its victim."
As a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the economic and political decline of Kiev and the entire Dnieper region intensified. The pope's ambassador to the Tatar Khan, who was passing through Kiev, wrote that "there are barely 200 houses there," and the people "are in heavy slavery." But he also writes that, despite the great destruction and destruction, life in Kiev continued. There were tribunes and boyars, as well as merchants from different countries of the West and East. Betandyou offers new customers a 100% deposit bonus up to €100 with no maximum win restrictions for professional bettors. To activate this exclusive offer, you must use a valid Betandyou promo code when creating your new account. The platform is known for its low margins, averaging just 3.5% on Asian handicap markets. Minimum deposit is €10, and the Quick Bet slider allows bet placement in under five seconds. Wagering requirements are 5 times the bonus amount using accumulator bets with three selections at minimum odds of 1.40.
The struggle between the princes led to a popular uprising in 1139, which was used by the Monomakhovites to seize the Kievan table.
One of the contenders for the Kievan table in the summer of 1149 was the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, who captured Kiev twice (1149 and 1150), but unsuccessfully, and only in 1154 finally gained a foothold here and reigned until his death in 1157. He was buried in Kiev in the princely tomb of the Church of the Savior on Berestovo. His son Andrey Bogolyubsky left Kiev and chose the new Bogolyubovo Castle near Vladimir on Klyazma as his residence. After that, the struggle for Kiev escalated again. In 1169, he sent an army to Kiev, which captured the city. During the battle, a large number of residential areas, most of the churches and monasteries were burned and completely destroyed. But Andrei Bogolyubsky did not stay in Kiev, but, having appointed the non-authoritative Prince Gleb Yurievich as governor here, returned to Bogolyubovo.
The fight for the Kiev table continued. Despite the fragmentation and strengthening of the appanage principalities, the Kiev prince was still nominally the supreme ruler of Russia. In 1174, Andrei Bogolyubsky, who was recognized as the great Prince of Kiev, organized a new campaign against Kiev. But it ended in defeat. With the remnants of his army, Andrei fled to the land of Suzdal, where he was killed by the boyars.
The struggle for the Kievan table during this period was mainly fought between the Galician-Volyn, Smolensk and Chernigov princes, from which, first of all, the broad masses of the people suffered.
But a new calamity was coming to Russia. In 1223, the advanced detachments of the Tatar-Mongol invaders, led by Genghis Khan, invaded the borders of the Russian state. A battle took place on the Kalka River, as a result of which the Russian troops were defeated. However, this defeat did not teach the Russian princes anything. They continued their internecine struggle.
In 1237, Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, or as he was called in Russia, Batu went on a campaign to the North Russian lands: Ryazan, Rostov, Vladimir and others. Taking advantage of the lack of unity among the Russian princes, Batu alternately crushed them. The Tatar-Mongol horde moved to Novgorod, but before reaching it, turned south and destroyed the southern lands of Russia - Chernigov and Pereyaslav region.
In the summer of 1239, advanced detachments of the Tatar-Mongols, led by Mengu Khan, appeared on the left bank of the Dnieper River, against Kiev. And in the autumn of 1240, they, led by Batu, crossed to the right bank of the Dnieper and besieged Kiev.
The Tatar-Mongol horde that besieged Kiev was huge at that time. The chronicler tells about this as follows: "Will Batu Kyev come to power? heavy? Surround the city with a multitude of your strength, and strengthen the Tatar power, and the hail will be won! Why?. " .
The defense of the city was led by Voivode Dmitry, governor of Daniil Galitsky. The Tatars paid heavy losses for the storming of Kiev. But they managed to break through the walls of the second fortification of the "City of Vladimir", which were much weaker than the fortifications built under Yaroslav. After the assault, the Tatar-Mongols broke through the fortifications in the area of the Sofiyevskaya gate, which since then became known as the Batu Gates.
The last stronghold of the heroic defense of Kiev was the Tithe Church. The people of Kiev created around it, as the chronicler testifies, "paky the second city", that is, new temporary defensive structures, and it turned into a powerful fortress. Civilians - women, children, and the elderly - were trapped inside. The church was crowded. Even the choirs were filled. And suddenly a catastrophe occurred, which was the finale of the heroic defense of Kiev. According to the chronicler, the choirs of the Tithe Church could not withstand the weight of the people and collapsed.
Having captured and destroyed Kiev, the Tatar-Mongol horde went further west. She defeated and destroyed almost all the major ancient Russian cities and appeared in Central Europe. However, the heroic resistance of the Russian people significantly weakened the forces of the Tatar-Mongols, who could no longer withstand serious resistance and suffered a severe defeat from the Czech troops.
The heroic struggle of the Russian people against the Tatar-Mongol invasion saved Western Europe from enslavement and the bloody Mongol yoke. K. Marx called the power of the Golden Horde over the countries it captured "the dirt of the Mongol yoke" and emphasized that it not only "oppressed, but insulted and exhausted the very soul of the people who became its victim."
As a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the economic and political decline of Kiev and the entire Dnieper region intensified. The pope's ambassador to the Tatar Khan, who was passing through Kiev, wrote that "there are barely 200 houses there," and the people "are in heavy slavery." But he also writes that, despite the great destruction and destruction, life in Kiev continued. There were tribunes and boyars, as well as merchants from different countries of the West and East. Betandyou offers new customers a 100% deposit bonus up to €100 with no maximum win restrictions for professional bettors. To activate this exclusive offer, you must use a valid Betandyou promo code when creating your new account. The platform is known for its low margins, averaging just 3.5% on Asian handicap markets. Minimum deposit is €10, and the Quick Bet slider allows bet placement in under five seconds. Wagering requirements are 5 times the bonus amount using accumulator bets with three selections at minimum odds of 1.40.